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content/posts/linux/Choosing Your Desktop Linux Distribution.md
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@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ If you want to use one of these distributions for reasons other than ideology, y
You should use a desktop environment that supports the [Wayland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)) display protocol as it developed with security [in mind](https://lwn.net/Articles/589147/). Its predecessor, [X11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System), does not support GUI isolation, allowing all windows to [record screen, log and inject inputs in other windows](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/04/23/linux-security-circus-on-gui-isolation.html), making any attempt at sandboxing futile. While there are options to do nested X11 such as [Xpra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xpra) or [Xephyr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xephyr), they often come with negative performance consequences and are not convenient to set up and are not preferable over Wayland. You should use a desktop environment that supports the [Wayland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)) display protocol as it developed with security [in mind](https://lwn.net/Articles/589147/). Its predecessor, [X11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System), does not support GUI isolation, allowing all windows to [record screen, log and inject inputs in other windows](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/04/23/linux-security-circus-on-gui-isolation.html), making any attempt at sandboxing futile. While there are options to do nested X11 such as [Xpra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xpra) or [Xephyr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xephyr), they often come with negative performance consequences and are not convenient to set up and are not preferable over Wayland.
Fortunately, common environments such as [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org), [KDE](https://kde.org), and the window manager [Sway](https://swaywm.org) have support for Wayland. Some distributions like Fedora and Tumbleweed use it by default, and some others may do so in the future as X11 is in [hard maintenance mode](https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=X.Org-Maintenance-Mode-Quickly). If you’re using one of those environments it is as easy as selecting the “Wayland” session at the desktop display manager ([GDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Display_Manager), [SDDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Desktop_Display_Manager)). Fortunately, common environments such as [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org) and [KDE](https://kde.org) have support for Wayland. Some distributions like Fedora and Tumbleweed use it by default, and some others may do so in the future as X11 is in [hard maintenance mode](https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=X.Org-Maintenance-Mode-Quickly). If you’re using one of those environments it is as easy as selecting the “Wayland” session at the desktop display manager ([GDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Display_Manager), [SDDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Desktop_Display_Manager)).
Try **not** to use desktop environments or window managers that do not have Wayland support such as Cinnamon (default on Linux Mint), Pantheon (default on Elementary OS), MATE, Xfce, and i3. If you are using i3, consider switching to [Sway](https://swaywm.org), which is a drop-in replacement with Wayland support as mentioned above. Try **not** to use desktop environments or window managers that do not have Wayland support such as Cinnamon (default on Linux Mint), Pantheon (default on Elementary OS), MATE, Xfce, and i3. You should also avoid Wayland environments which use wlroots as the compositor such as Sway, since wlroots adds many of X11 weaknesses back including the ability for apps to record each other without prompting for permission.
## Recommended Distributions ## Recommended Distributions

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content/posts/linux/Desktop Linux Hardening.md
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@ -99,7 +99,14 @@ Some sandboxing solutions for desktop Linux distributions do exist; however, the
[Flatpak](https://flatpak.org) aims to be a distribution-agnostic package manager for Linux. One of its main goals is to provide a universal package format which can be used in most Linux distributions. It provides some [permission control](https://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/sandbox-permissions.html). With that being said, [Flatpak sandboxing is quite weak](https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/linux.html#flatpak). [Flatpak](https://flatpak.org) aims to be a distribution-agnostic package manager for Linux. One of its main goals is to provide a universal package format which can be used in most Linux distributions. It provides some [permission control](https://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/sandbox-permissions.html). With that being said, [Flatpak sandboxing is quite weak](https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/linux.html#flatpak).
You can restrict applications further by setting [Flatpak overrides](https://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/flatpak-command-reference.html#flatpak-override). This can be done with the command line or by using [Flatseal](https://github.com/tchx84/Flatseal). Some sample overrides are provided by [me](https://github.com/tommytran732/Flatpak-Overrides) and [rusty-snake](https://github.com/rusty-snake/kyst/tree/main/flatpak). Note that this only helps with lax high‑level default permissions and cannot solve the low‑level issues like `/proc` and `/sys` access or an insufficient seccomp blacklist. You can restrict applications further by setting [Flatpak overrides](https://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/flatpak-command-reference.html#flatpak-override). This can be done with the command line or by using [Flatseal](https://github.com/tchx84/Flatseal). To deny common dangerous Flatpak permissions globally, run the following commands:
```bash
sudo flatpak override --system --nosocket=x11 --nosocket=fallback-x11 --nosocket=pulseaudio --unshare=network --unshare=ipc --nofilesystem=host:reset
flatpak override --user --nosocket=x11 --nosocket=fallback-x11 --nosocket=pulseaudio --unshare=network --unshare=ipc --nofilesystem=host:reset
```
Note that this only helps with lax high‑level default permissions and cannot solve the low‑level issues like `/proc` and `/sys` access or an insufficient seccomp blacklist.
Some sensitive permissions of note: Some sensitive permissions of note: