macOS comes equipped with many security features to keep you safe. Check out the [Apple Platform Security](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/welcome/web) page for more detail about the security features in a Mac.
By default, your macOS install is encrypted, but it will automatically unlock on boot. Turning on [FileVault](https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/protect-data-on-your-mac-with-filevault-mh11785/mac) will require a user password to unlock the volume. It also makes it so that you need to enter a user password to enter recovery mode.
## App Sandbox
The [App Sandbox](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/app_sandbox/protecting_user_data_with_app_sandbox) is a feature that limits the access an app has to the rest of your system. Developers enable it when they sign their app, so it's not possible for you to enable it or modify the entitlements since they are defined in the signature.
The App Sandbox is designed to limit the damage to your system in the event an app is exploited, however it can't protect against malicious developers since they can just disable or weaken the sandbox in a future update if they want. For protection against malicious developers, you'll need to install apps from the App Store where the sandbox is enforced.
There are a few ways to check whether an app is sandboxed:
You can check whether running processes are sandboxed in the Activity Monitor. Right click on the columns and check "Sandbox"
The [Hardened Runtime](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/hardened_runtime) is an optional security feature that developers can enable that makes an app more resistant to exploitation. It prevents certain classes of exploits, like code injection, dynamically linked library (DLL) hijacking, and process memory space tampering.
Unlike the App Sandbox, the Hardened Runtime is required in order for an app to be notarized and so you'll be warned by Gatekeeper if an app doesn't use it. While this warning is bypassable, you should be cautious and investigate a bit more before running it.
Check if an app is using the Hardened Runtime before running it with the command
You will see `flags=0x10000(runtime)` if it's enabled.
## Gatekeeper
[Gatekeeper](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/gatekeeper-and-runtime-protection-sec5599b66df/web) stops you from running apps that aren't notarized. Notarization is a process by which app developers submit their app to Apple to scan for malware and ensure it meets certain requirements. Among these are that it is signed with a key provided by Apple to the developer and that the Hardened Runtime is enabled. It's also scanned for malware. Gatekeeper also prevents the loading of unwanted plugins with benign apps by opening apps from randomized, read-only locations.
While the Gatekeeper warning can be easily bypassed by control + clicking on the app and clicking open, it's useful since it presents an unavoidable warning when you try to run an app for the first time that's not downloaded from the App Store.
## XProtect
XProtect is the built-in antivirus software in macOS. Like all AV, it's a last line of defense after all others have been bypassed.
XProtect uses of YARA signatures and is updated frequently, independent of OS updates. This is one of the many reasons you should be cautious about blocking connections to Apple servers; many of them serve a security purpose, so make sure you know what you're blocking. It can also detect unknown malware using heuristics. When it detects unkown malware, it will send information about that software to Apple so that they can update the signatures in XProtect.
Apple also issues revocations for notarization tickets, these are detected with online OCSP checks. Blocking these checks will make you more vulnerable to malicious apps.
## System Integrity Protection
[SIP](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/system-integrity-protection-secb7ea06b49/web) protects [system files](https://support.apple.com/en-us/102149) from being changed, even by the root user. Since it's protecting your base system files, you should **never** disable it even temporarily if you want the best security.
## Secure Boot
Mac computers ensure that only Apple-signed code runs from the lowest levels of the firmware to macOS itself. It accomplishes this with a [chain of trust](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/boot-process-secac71d5623/web) that starts with the Boot ROM burned into the Secure Enclave at the factory as the first step.
A unique feature of Mac computers is that you can set a different LocalPolicy for different installs, so you could have your main macOS with Full Security set and also an Asahi Linux install set to Permissive Security and it won't affect the security of your macOS.
Mac computers have an [IOMMU](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/direct-memory-access-protections-seca4960c2b5/1/web/1) so that each DMA agent, including PCIe and Thunderbolt ports, can only access memory explicitly mapped for their use.
[Lockdown Mode](https://support.apple.com/en-us/105120) is an optional security feature that disables lots of attack surface in your Mac. It may break certain things like websites or apps, but you can disable it for individual apps or websites if you need to.
macOS is a Unix-like, so certain security practices carry over from other systems. Consider setting a [custom umask](https://support.apple.com/en-us/101914).
To prevent other apps from detecting what you type in Terminal, enable [Secure Keyboard Entry](https://support.apple.com/guide/terminal/use-secure-keyboard-entry-trml109/mac).
When you first set up your Mac, you will create an Administrator account that has powerful access to the OS. [Apple recommends](https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/set-up-your-mac-to-be-secure-flvlt003/mac) limiting the number of Administrator accounts on your machine and using a Standard user account when Aministrator prvileges aren't needed.
You can [hide an administrator account](https://support.apple.com/en-us/102099) so you don't accidentally log into it.
Also make sure to set a strong password for any accounts you make and set a time after which a user will [automatically be logged out](https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/set-your-mac-to-log-out-when-not-in-use-mchlp2443/14.0/mac/14.0).
## Prevent Windows from Reopening
When you restart your Mac, you'll get a dialog box that asks if you want to reopen windows when you restart. It's best to [turn this off](https://support.apple.com/en-ca/102318) to prevent data from previous sessions from being retained.
